EU grills Elon Musk’s X about content moderation and deepfake risks

The European Union has deepened the investigation of Elon Musk-owned social network, X, that it opened back in December under the bloc’s online governance and content moderation rulebook, the Digital Services Act (DSA). Confirmed breaches of the regime could be expensive for Musk, since enforcers are empowered to issue fines of up to 6% of a company’s global annual turnover.

On Wednesday, the Commission said it had sent X a formal request for information (RFI) under the DSA, seeking more details about aspects of the ongoing probe. The investigation is on illegal content risks, manipulative design, shortcomings in ads transparency, and platform data access for researchers.

The RFI also targets some fresh concerns, and the EU is asking X about its content moderation activities and resources in light of its latest Transparency report (another DSA requirement). The report revealed X has slashed the headcount of its content moderation team by almost one-fifths (20%) since the previous report in October 2023.

The new report also revealed X has reduced linguistic coverage of content moderation within the EU from 11 official languages to seven. That’s a particular bugbear for the Commission, which has raised the issue before in longer standing efforts pressuring platforms to tackle content harms.

Another fresh EU concern relates to X’s approach to generative AI. The Commission said it’s seeking further details on “risk assessments and mitigation measures linked to the impact of generative AI tools on electoral processes, dissemination of illegal content, and protection of fundamental rights.”

X is regulated as a so-called very large online platform (VLOP) under the DSA, which means it’s subject to an additional layer of rules overseen by the Commission itself. The extra layer requires the company to assess and mitigate systemic risks, such as in areas like disinformation.

“The request for information sent today is a further step in an ongoing investigation,” the EU said in a press release. “It builds upon the evidence gathering and analysis conducted so far, including in relation to X’s Transparency report published in March 2024 and X’s replies to previous requests for information, which addressed, among others, mitigation measures for risks linked to generative AI.”

Back in March, the Commission sent a flurry of RFIs to several VLOPs, including X, asking for more information on their approach to handling risks related to the use of generative AI. The EU is concerned about the role political deepfakes could play in the upcoming elections to the European Parliament next month.

The latest RFI to X gives the platform until May 17 to respond to its questions about content moderation resources and generative AI. It must get the other requested information to the Commission by May 27.

X did not respond to requests for comment.

During a briefing with journalists last month, a senior Commission official declined to offer a full update on its investigation with X, but characterized contacts with the company as “quite intense.”

The official also confirmed one active discussion topic relates to X’s Community Notes feature, which crowdsources additional context to display on disputed posts. X, under Musk, has framed the feature as its main approach to content moderation. The official added that it’s unclear whether the company’s approach is sufficiently robust for responding to election risks.